I’ve had fermented Chinese mustard greens on my mind ever since I received this email from MB: “My mother is Vietnamese but has no fondness for cooking, especially cooking Asian food as she says it’s too much work.Anyways I was hoping to find a recipe for Dua Cai Chua on your blog, as my mom is a no go for recipes and doesn't have any close family I could ask either. I tried the pickled mustard greens for the first time very recently and have been hooked!Getting back on track, could you please direct me into finding a good recipe for dua cai chua? It would be very much appreciated.”
Fermented Chinese mustard greens are not exclusive to Viet people who know it as dua cai chua (literally sour mustard greens/cabbage). I’ve enjoyed the preserved vegetables in porky Chinese and Viet braises, Thai khao soi noodle soup, and as a side to rice plates. There are many ways to eat because the greens have a wonderful tart, spicy, funky quality. Think of the fermented Chinese mustard greens as Asian sauerkraut.
If you’ve bought them at Chinese markets, chances are you’ve purchased pouches of Thai-made som pak gaat; they’re inexpensive and usually contain a small among of mustard greens and a lot of liquid plus food coloring. Commercially-made fermented Chinese mustard greens (also referred to as pickled mustard greens) unfortunately have a mild flavor. They’re fine in a pinch or when you don’t need much for a recipe, but if you’re really into the fermented mustard greens, make them yourself.
Finding a Suitable Recipe
Not knowing how MB’s mom makes hers, and my mom has her own rendition, I looked for a Thai recipe to equalize things out. I settled on a recipe from Hawker Fare, a soulful cookbook memoir from Michelin star chef and restaurateur James Syhabout, based in San Francisco and Oakland. His recipe is based on Lao Isan Thai flavors, and also reflects his mother’s approach.
It is wonderfully gutsy with garlic and chiles, plus extra umami rich, thanks to an optional hit of MSG, which I added at the end after trying out the recipe without MSG. The greens were good but I wanted to see what would happen with the extra boost. The mustard greens became super delicious. It’s up to you whether or not to include the flavor enhancer but as you know, I keep the magical crystals around and occasionally tinker with MSG in pho and other dishes like fried rice.
Selecting Chinese Mustard Greens
The hardest part of making fermented Chinese mustard greens is buying the vegetable. Don’t use the delicate frilly mustard greens seen at regular supermarkets. Seriously. At a Chinese or Southeast Asian market, look for gai choy in the produce department. The mustard greens are curved, curled and bodacious looking. Sometimes you’ll find mature “big gai choy” which is huge with thick stems and bases; the flavor can be very spicy, a bit like horseradish. Sometimes you’ll see small gai choi, which are more tender and sweet-spicy.
Despite its bite, Chinese mustard greens (gai choy) is one of the prettiest greens.
To hedge my bets, I went with medium gai choy, each of which was about 3 ½ inches wide at the bulbous bottom. Gai choy is often sold pre-bagged so dive in to select a bag of perky looking vegetables. Coincidentally, the bag I bought weighed 2 pounds, which was perfect for a batch of Syhabout’s greens!
Ferment with Care
The recipe below includes metric precision because Syhabout is a chef. Hit his level of precision with a digital scale to ensure success. Moreover, remember to pack the vegetables into the fermentation container so that all the solids are submerged in the brine. Otherwise, things will rot and spoil.
The rice brine helps to activate fermentation; in this Thai recipe, I learned that some people use sticky rice, sugar, or the water from rinsing rice to push the fermentation. I like using regular cooked rice because I often have it around.
Pack it all down!
You need a large glass container or bowl for this recipe. I opted for a 6-quart Cambro (a heavy-duty plastic container used in professional kitchens and also home bread baking) because the heavy plate I used to press down on the green fit into the container. The Cambro now smells a little like fermented Chinese mustard greens. That’s not a bad thing and it will go away, eventually.
How much fermentation time is enough?
It depends on your room temperature and the size of the vegetable pieces. The recipe suggests 3 days of undisturbed rest in a cool dark spot. I chose my pantry/hall closet. Our home was about 70F.
Not quite done!
On the third day, I stirred up the vegetables and tasted the Chinese mustard greens. They were good but there were a few pieces that were still a bit rawish green looking (see the photo directly above). I may have cut the pieces too big. I also wondered about the MSG so added it and then let the mustard greens rest overnight, submerged under plastic wrap with the weight. Then they were perfectly done.
How to eat Fermented Mustard Greens
Frankly, I’ve just been eating them on the side like a pickled vegetable. They are absolutely delicious. I have enough to cook with too!
Fall is the season for fermenting Chinese mustard greens, and now MB and you have a recipe to play with. Enjoy! Thanks MB for prompting this recipe.
Fermented Chinese Mustard Greens in Rice Brine
Author Adapted from "Hawker Fare" by James Syhabout with John Birdsall (Anthony Bourdain/Ecco, 2018)
Yield 3 quarts
Ingredients
- 2 pounds (907 grams) large Chinese mustard greens (dai gai choi)
- ¼ cup (50 grams) garlic cloves
- 8 Thai chiles (12 grams)
- 7 ½ cups cold water
- 3 tablespoons (33 grams) kosher salt
- 3 tablespoons (45 grams) cooked jasmine rice
- 1 teaspoon (4 grams) MSG (optional)
Instructions
Trim the ends, then cut the mustard greens into large bite-size pieces, wash, then drain well. Transfer to a large mixing bowl and combine with the garlic and chiles. Pack everything into a large class glass jar, or non-reactive bowl, pressing down to pack tightly. Set aside.
Pour water into a separate large mixing bowl (or pot), add the salt, and stir to combine. Add the rice and let soak for 30 minutes. Position a mesh strainer on the container of mustard greens and pour the water through (or strain into separate container and then pour over the mustard greens). Press on the rice to expel as much water as possible.
Lay a sheet of plastic wrap directly on the surface of the mixture; set a clean weight (such as a heavy plate) on top of the plastic to keep everything submerged. Cover the container with another sheet of plastic wrap.
Set the container in a dark spot at room temperature, away from sunlight. Let ferment, undisturbed for 3 days. On the third day, taste a piece of the greens—it should have a tart aroma and sharp, tangy flavor. If you like, add the MSG and let ferment an extra day for more flavor. When the mustard greens are done, transfer to an airtight container, store in the refrigerator for up to 6 weeks.
Notes
Adapted fromHawker Fare by James Syhabout with John Birdsall (Anthony Bourdain/Ecco, 2018)
Cuisine Asian, Thai, Lao
